Pharmacognostical Phytochemical Including
GC-MS Investigation of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Abutilon indicum (Linn)
R. Ramasubramaniaraja*
Asst. Professor, Jagan’s College of Pharmacy, Nellore. Andhra Pradesh
*Corresponding
Author E-mail: rsmr_raj@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT:
Abutilon
indicum (Linn) family (Malvaceae) popularly known as Atibala
is used as one of the most important drug in Traditional System of Medicine to
treat various ailments. The plant is used due to its various properties as;
demulcent, diuretics, anti-diabetic, anthelmintics,
astringent, laxative, expectorant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The
Present research describes the simplest method of identification of phytochemicals terpenoids,
glycosides, and alkaloids from the ethnolic leaf
extract of Abutilon indicum.
The Pharmacognostical details of Abutilon indicum have also been analysed scientifically.
By using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Flavonoids, Terpenes, Amino
acids, Aldehyde, Hydrocarbon, Ketone,
Fatty acids and esters were identified.
These are reported for the first time in Abutilon indicum.
KEYWORDS: Abutilon indicum (Linn), GC-MS, Amino acids, Flavonoids,
Terpenes
INTRODUCTION:
Abutilon indicum is a
small shrub in the Malvaceae family, native to tropic
and subtropical regions and sometimes cultivated as an ornamental1 . This plant is often used as
a medicinal plant and is considered invasive
on certain tropical islands. Tamil name: "thuthi"
Sanskrit name: Atibalaa Telugu name: Duvvena Kayalu. A. indicum showed hepatoprotective2, larvicidal3,
hypoglycemic, analgesic4 and wound healing activity. A. indicum has been reported best antimicrobial activity
against Bacillus substilis and Chromobacterium but not effective against Candida
albicans. This paper present the first detailed
investigation of active components of the ethanolic
leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum by GC-MS.
Scientific
Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Malvales
Family : Malvaceae
Genus : Abutilon
Species : A. indicum
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant
material:
The plant of Abutilon indicum (Linn) Sweet
was collected from Venkatramapuram 7km
away from Tirupathi (Andhra Pradesh) in the month of
January 2011. The plants was identified
by local people of that village and authenticated by Dr. N. Ravichandran,
Asst. Professor, Drug Testing Laboratory, CARISM, SASTRA University Thanjavur, and the Voucher specimen is preserved in
laboratory for future reference.
Chemicals:
All the reagents used were
of analytical grade obtained from S.D. fine chemicals Ltd, Mumbai.
Pharmacognostical Screening of Plants:
Macroscopic Characters and Physiochemical
Parameters of Abutilon indicum (Linn)
Sweet leaf and leaf powder: The Macroscopic evaluation was carried out
for shape, size, color, odor, taste and fracture of the drug. Different physio-chemical values such as Ash value, extractive
values, loss on drying, foreign organic matter, Crude fiber content, were
determined and reported on Table No:1
Preparation
of Extract from Abutilon indicum (Linn) Sweet leaf:
The leaves were dried under shade, powdered
and passed through 40meshes and stored in closed vessel for further use. The
dried powder material (150g) was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with Ethanol
for continuous hot extraction for 24 hours.
The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the
extracts solid residues. The percentage
value of extract was 15.3(%w/w).
Phytochemical
Evaluation of Ethanolic extracts of Abutilon indicum
(Linn) Sweet (Leaf):
Phytochemical analysis for the Ethanolic
Extract of Abutilon indicum (Linn)
Sweet (Leaf) was subjected to preliminary
phytochemical Screening and the Phytoconstituents reported
on Table No: 2
GC-MS
investigation of Ethanolic Extract of Abutilon indicum (Linn):
A Volume of
1μl of clear extract was injected into GC-MS (PerkinElmer Clarus 500) with a oven programming of 50ºC @10ºC/min to
150ºC@8ºC/min to 280ºC (10min). The injector temperature was maintained at
280ºC. The split ratio was set as 1:8. The carrier gas used in the analysis was
helium which had the flow rate of 1ml/min. A 30 m Capillary column of elite
5ms, with a Column id of 250 μm was used. The
compounds were detected in the range of 40- 450amu by matching with NIST
library5, 6, 7.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Pharmacognostical Studies:
Macroscopic
Characters of Abutilon indicum (Linn) Sweet leaf:
Fig: 1 Abutilon
indicum (Linn)
Margin: Acuminate
and toothed, Apex: Pointed, Base: Symmetrical, Venations: Reticulate,
Taste: Sweet to
characteristic, Odour: Odourless,
Surface: Smooth on both the surfaces. (Fig.1).
Physiochemical
Parameters:
The extractive value was highest in water
and was recorded to be 15.2%w/w, and methanol soluble extractive value was
about 10.4 %w/w .The different ash values and the different physiochemical
parameters were screened and are presented in the table No: 1
Table
No: 1 Physiochemical Parameters of Abutilon indicum
(Linn) Sweet Leaf Powder
|
S.
No |
Parameters |
%W/W |
|
1. |
Hexane Soluble extractive |
4% |
|
2. |
Pet ether Soluble extractive |
3.2% |
|
3. |
Chloroform Soluble extractive |
6.4% |
|
4. |
Acetone soluble extractive |
4% |
|
5. |
Ethanol soluble extractive |
12.8% |
|
6. |
Ethyl acetate soluble extractive |
11.2% |
|
7. |
Methanol soluble extractive |
10.4% |
|
8. |
Water soluble extractive |
15.2% |
|
9. |
Foreign organic matter |
3.5% |
|
10. |
Loss on drying |
6% |
|
11. |
Crude fiber content |
41% |
|
12. |
Total Ash |
5% |
|
13. |
Acid insoluble ash |
3.6% |
|
14. |
Sulphated ash |
4% |
|
15. |
Water Soluble ash |
2.5% |
Table
No: 2 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis:
|
S. No |
Phytoconstituents |
Ethanolic Extract |
|
1. |
Alkaloids |
+ |
|
2. |
Aminoacids |
- |
|
3. |
Anthaquinones |
- |
|
4. |
Carbohydrates |
+ |
|
5. |
Flavonoids |
+ |
|
6. |
Phenolic groups |
+ |
|
7. |
Saponins |
+ |
|
8. |
Steroids |
- |
|
9. |
Tannins |
+ |
+ = Present - =
Absent
GC-MS investigation of Ethanolic Extract of Abutilon indicum (Linn) (Fig.2 and 3)
The results
of the GC-MS analyses on ethanolic extracts of the
leaves of Abutilon indicum is presented in
Table No: 3 A total 57 compounds were identified from the ethanolic
extracts of Abutilon indicum. The identified
compounds of Vitamins, the highest % Peak area of 11.8398 is Vitamin E
(Retention time 43.63), the identified compounds of terpene
is recorded the highest % peak area of 5.0694 is Triterpene
(Retention time 38.30), fatty acids are recorded the highest % peak area of
7.4952 is Linolenic acid (Retention time 29.34). Ketone groups are identified the highest % peak area of
0.5500 is 1-{2-[3-(2-Acetyloxiran-2-yl)-1,1-dimethylpropyl]cycloprop-2-enyl} ethanone
(Retention time 19.29). Flavonoid is identified the highest % peak area of
0.7894 is 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (Retension time
9.24). Phenolic compound is recorded the
highest % peak area of 0.2658 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol is (Retention time 12.54).Amino acid is
identified the highest % peak area of 2.8207 is N,N-Dimethylglycine
(Retention time 5.12).
Fig:2
Chromatogram of Ethanolic Extract of Abutilon
indicum(Linn)
Fig:3 Chromatogram of Ethanolic Extract
of Abutilon indicum(Linn)
Table No: 3 GC-MS
investigation of Ethanolic Extract of Abutilon indicum (Linn)
|
S. No. |
Peak Name |
Retention time |
Peak area |
% Peak area |
|
1. |
N,N-Dimethylglycine Formula: C4H9NO2;
MW: 103 |
5.12 |
4366139 |
2.8207 |
|
2. |
Heptanoic acid Formula: C7H14O2;
MW: 130 |
5.74 |
240648 |
0.1555 |
|
3. |
3-Hexenoic
acid, (E)- Formula: C6H10O2;
MW: 114 |
6.09 |
1235151 |
0.7980 |
|
4. |
2-Hexenoic
acid Formula: C6H10O2;
MW: 114 |
6.47 |
962237 |
0.6217 |
|
5. |
l-Gala-l-ido-octose Formula: C8H16O8;
MW: 240 |
7.64 |
209562 |
0.1354 |
|
6. |
2-Cyclopenten-1-one,
3-ethyl-2-hydroxy- Formula: C7H10O2;
MW: 126 |
7.89 |
395381 |
0.2554 |
|
7.
|
Nonanal Formula: C9H18O;
MW: 142 |
8.09 |
131109 |
0.0847 |
|
8.
|
4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- Formula: C6H8O4; MW: 144 |
9.24 |
1221937 |
0.7894 |
|
9.
|
Isoborneol Formula: C10H18O; MW: 154 |
9.61 |
789899 |
0.5103 |
|
10.
|
dl-Glyceraldehyde diethylacetal Formula: C7H16O4; MW: 164 |
9.89 |
817186 |
0.5279 |
|
11.
|
(-)-trans-Pinocarvyl acetate Formula: C12H18O2; MW: 194 |
10.02 |
67515 |
0.0436 |
|
12.
|
1H-Indene,
1-methylene- Formula: C10H8; MW: 128 |
10.14 |
278435 |
0.1799 |
|
13.
|
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol Formula: C9H10O2; MW: 150 |
12.54 |
411353 |
0.2658 |
|
14.
|
Propane,
1,1-diethoxy-2-methyl- Formula: C8H18O2; MW: 146 |
13.63 |
651239 |
0.4207 |
|
15.
|
1-Decene Formula: C10H20; MW: 140 |
13.70 |
286527 |
0.1851 |
|
16.
|
(+)-3-Carene,
10-(acetylmethyl)- Formula: C13H20O; MW: 192 |
13.89 |
229761 |
0.1484 |
|
17.
|
Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-ol, 1-phenyl-, endo- Formula: C13H16O; MW: 188 |
14.29 |
296939 |
0.1918 |
|
18.
|
Naphthalene,
1,4-dimethyl- Formula: C12H12; MW: 156 |
14.50 |
85257 |
0.0551 |
|
19.
|
4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one Formula: C13H18O; MW: 190 |
15.56 |
392632 |
0.2537 |
|
20.
|
Tetradecane Formula: C14H30; MW: 198 |
15.67 |
137507 |
0.0888 |
|
21.
|
Nonanoic acid, 9-oxo-, ethyl ester Formula: C11H20O3; MW: 200 |
15.88 |
107373 |
0.0694 |
|
22.
|
à-Copaen-11-ol Formula: C15H24O; MW: 220 |
16.12 |
321613 |
0.2078 |
|
23.
|
à-D-Glucopyranose, 4-O-á-D-galactopyranosyl- Formula: C12H22O11; MW: 342 |
16.26 |
162335 |
0.1049 |
|
24.
|
2(4H)-Benzofuranone,
5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl- Formula: C11H16O2; MW: 180 |
16.78 |
741195 |
0.4788 |
|
25.
|
Erucic acid Formula: C22H42O2; MW: 338 |
17.32 |
280565 |
0.1813 |
|
26.
|
Dodecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester Formula: C15H30O2; MW: 242 |
17.84 |
644758 |
0.4165 |
|
27.
|
3-Hydroxy-á-damascone Formula: C13H20O2; MW: 208 |
18.00 |
365160 |
0.2359 |
|
28.
|
Acetic acid,
3-hydroxy-6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl
ester Formula: C17H26O3; MW: 278 |
18.22 |
338643 |
0.2188 |
|
29.
|
2-Methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)but-3-en-2-ol Formula: C14H24O; MW: 208 |
18.34 |
389359 |
0.2515 |
|
30.
|
3,5-Heptadienal,
2-ethylidene-6-methyl- Formula: C10H14O; MW: 150 |
18.57 |
705239 |
0.4556 |
|
31.
|
à-Copaen-11-ol Formula: C15H24O; MW: 220 |
19.00 |
1732640 |
1.1194 |
|
32.
|
9,12-Octadecadienoyl
chloride, (Z,Z)- Formula: C18H31ClO; MW: 298 |
19.12 |
1076572 |
0.6955 |
|
33.
|
á-Citrylideneethanol Formula: C12H20O; MW: 180 |
19.21 |
536634 |
0.3467 |
|
34.
|
1-{2-[3-(2-Acetyloxiran-2-yl)-1,1-dimethylpropyl]cycloprop-2-enyl}ethanone Formula: C14H20O3; MW: 236 |
19.29 |
851391 |
0.5500 |
|
35.
|
1-[1-Methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)cyclopentyl]ethanone Formula: C15H24O2; MW: 236 |
19.56 |
767354 |
0.4957 |
|
36.
|
2-Octenoic acid,
4-isopropylidene-7-methyl-6-methylene-, methyl ester Formula: C14H22O2; MW: 222 |
19.77 |
741999 |
0.4794 |
|
37.
|
Acetic acid,
2-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-propenyl ester Formula: C14H22O3; MW: 238 |
21.33 |
617521 |
0.3989 |
|
38.
|
2-Pentadecanone,
6,10,14-trimethyl- Formula: C18H36O; MW: 268 |
22.17 |
736430 |
0.4758 |
|
39.
|
2,2-Dimethyl-6-methylene-1-[3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentenyl]cyclohexan-1-perhydrol Formula: C14H24O4; MW: 256 |
22.37 |
413680 |
0.2673 |
|
40.
|
7-(1,3-Dimethylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-1,6,6-trimethyl-3,8-dioxatricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]octane Formula: C15H22O2; MW: 234 |
23.32 |
342614 |
0.2213 |
|
41.
|
Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester Formula: C18H36O2; MW:
284Palmitic acid, ethyl ester |
26.06 |
9364681 |
6.0500 |
|
42.
|
9,12-Octadecadienoic
acid, ethyl ester Formula: C20H36O2; MW: 308 |
29.23 |
5464969 |
3.5306 |
|
43.
|
Linolenic acid, ethyl ester Formula: C20H34O2; MW: 306 |
29.35 |
11601630 |
7.4952 |
|
44.
|
Octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester Formula: C20H40O2; MW:
312Stearic acid, ethyl ester |
29.72 |
1610673 |
1.0406 |
|
45.
|
Oleic
Acid Formula: C18H34O2; MW: 282 |
30.63 |
2869198 |
1.8536 |
|
46.
|
Palmitin, 2-mono- Formula: C19H38O4; MW: 330 |
31.27 |
6513020 |
4.2077 |
|
47.
|
Dodecanal Formula: C12H24O; MW: 184 |
31.68 |
1110159 |
0.7172 |
|
48.
|
9-Octadecenamide,
(Z)- Formula: C18H35NO; MW: 281 |
32.28 |
1057719 |
0.6833 |
|
49.
|
9,12-Octadecadienoyl
chloride, (Z,Z)- Formula: C18H31ClO; MW: 298 |
33.50 |
18145204 |
11.7227 |
|
50.
|
Stearin, 1,3-di- Formula: C39H76O5; MW: 624 |
33.76 |
1178873 |
0.7616 |
|
51.
|
Linolenin, 1-mono- Formula: C21H36O4; MW: 352 |
36.14 |
21156852 |
13.6683 |
|
52.
|
Lup-20(29)-en-3-one Formula: C30H48O; MW: 424 |
38.30 |
7846829 |
5.0694 |
|
53.
|
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol Formula: C30H52O; MW: 428 |
39.00 |
12316522 |
7.9571 |
|
54.
|
Betulin Formula: C30H50O2; MW: 442 |
39.61 |
1156635 |
0.7472 |
|
55.
|
Linoleic acid ethyl ester Formula: C20H36O2; MW: 308 |
41.43 |
4841813 |
3.1280 |
|
56.
|
á-Sitosterol Formula: C29H50O; MW: 414 |
42.96 |
5146626 |
3.3250 |
|
57.
|
Vitamin
E Formula: C29H50O2; MW: 430 |
43.63 |
18326460 |
11.8398 |
CONCLUSIONS:
The
Abutilon indicum
(Linn) has been subjected to Preliminary evaluation of macroscopic characters,
Ethanolic extraction by help of Soxhlet
apparatus, and screened for phytoconstitents using
GC-MS. Finally GC-MS analysed
revealed that the ethanolic extract of Abutilon indicum
were mainly observed to contain Terpenes, Fatty
acids, Ketone, Vitamin E, and Aldehyde
eluting at different retention times with varied percentage of peak area.
REFERENCE:
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Abdul Rahuman A, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K.(2008) Isolation and identification of mosquito larvicidal compound from Abutilon indicum
(Linn.) Sweet. Parasitology Research. 102,
981-988.
3.
Seetharam YN , Gururaj Chalageri, Ramachandra Setty S, Bheemachar (2002) Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats. Fitoterapia 73: 156-159.
4.
Ahmed M, Amin S, Islam M,
Takahashi M, Okuyama E, and Hossain
CF. Analgesic principle from Abutilon indicum. Pharmazie.(2000) 55: 314-316.
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Massada Y., Analysis of
Essential Oil by Gas Chromatography and Mass pectrometry,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A., 1976.
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Adams R. P., Identification of Essential Oil
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Jack Cazes., Encyclopedia
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Received on 29.08.2011 Accepted on 26.10.2011
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Asian J. Pharm.
Ana. 1(4): Oct. - Dec. 2011; Page 88-92